I'm pretty sure that dog food does not have all the essential daily nutrients and vitamins that a cat needs. I've also heard that cats need a higher caloric intake than dogs so dog food does not have the calories that a cat needs. I suggest you get some cat food as soon as you can.
My cat tigger eats dog food all the time. We always have huge bags of cat food, but he prefers to eat the dog food. This is a problem because if tigger is eating my dog buddy's food, than buddy eats the cat food. The dog re-gurgitates it so we try and keep the cat and dog food seperate. Tigger hasn't had any health problems yet from eating it.
Like sassyfras said, dog food doesn't have the taurine that cats must have in their diet. As such, dog food isn't harmful for cats, but it is insufficient as their only or main food. Cat foods usually have more protein than dog foods, too, and since cats are obligate carnivores, a diet low in protein is not appropriate for them (not that it's appropriate for dogs, but won't get into that here). So, as a very short term thing, I don't think it's going to harm your cat, but I would recommend getting some cat food very soon.