How cold is too cold?

Hi everyone! I'm new here and this is my first post. I have too beautiful cats, Buddy, a black Bombay with yellow/orange eyes. He lives to eat food and give love. Zoe is a beautiful calico, white, grey,and tan. Buddy thinks any cat would be crazy to go out at all, let alone in cold weather, but Zoe lives to go out. Thankfully, she stays in the backyard, and I check on her every 10 minutes. She also comes when she's called. She wants desperately to go out now, when the temperature is 14 F. I let her out yesterday in this weather, and she was happy as a clam. But today, I called the vet, and the receptionist said don't let her out. She said frostbite could occur in just a few minutes. Zoe is climbing the walls. now. Is there some sort of temperature cut-off over which she can go, and under which she can't go out? Was the vet's receptionist right? Thanks!

We have barn cats that stay outside all winter. Outside meaning not in the house, but they do have shelters they can get in to such as the barn (with lots of hay), sheds, we even have a plastic shelter on the back porch for them lined w/ old blankets. It's sunny here in MD, although still in the teens, and the cats are outside playing. In my opinion, it would be ok as long as the sun is shining, you keep an eye on her, and she doesn't seem to be cold. I wouldn't let her out too long though.

Maybe the vet didn't realize you just meant for a short period of time. I definitely wouldn't let her out at night the way the nights have been here.

My indoor/outdoor cat loves to be outside too. However she knows when its to cold for her. With our subzero temps she has not been tempted at all to go outside. Does she develop a winter coat??
What happens in cold and windy weather is they can get frostbite on the tips of their ears, toes and tail. They could get wet and hypothermia could set in.
I just say no outside to Bobber and keep her occupied with toys.

I don't know if she grows a winter coat or not. This is her first winter going out. Unfortunately, we got a second cat to keep her company, and, although he's a lover, she hates him. He tries to play and she hisses and pow-pow-pows him on the head. He's much bigger than her (15 vs 7 1/2 lbs), but she's the alpha cat. She started going out to avoid him, and discovered she loves being out. I wish I could make them friends, but it doesn't seem to be possible.